1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）

Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)

Part A (10 points) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.

1. The younger person’s attraction to stereos cannot be explained only ____ familiarity with technology. [A] in quest of [B] by means of [C] in terms of [D] by virtue of

2. What you say now is not ____ with what you said last week. [A] consistent [B] persistent [C] permanent [D] insistent

3. Military orders are ____ and cannot be disobeyed. [A] alternative [B] ambitious [C] arbitrary [D] anonymous

   
   （图片来源网络，侵删）

4. Some plants are very ____ to light; they prefer the shade. [A] sensible [B] indifferent [C] crucial [D] sensitive

5. ____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better. [A] For [B] Now [C] Since [D] Despite

6. The words of his old teacher left a ____ impression on his mind. He is still influenced by them. [A] long [B] lively [C] lasting [D] liberal

7. Mike’s uncle insists ____ in this hotel. [A] whatever that he stays [B] staying not [C] that he should stay [D] not to stay

   
   （图片来源网络，侵删）

8. We agreed to accept ____ they thought was the best tourist guide. [A] whatever [B] whomever [C] whichever [D] whoever

9. It is our ____ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means. [A] consistent [B] continuous [C] considerate [D] continual

10. Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded ____ 27%. [A] by [B] for [C] to [D] in

Part B (10 points) Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.

11. The conveniences [A] that Americans desire [B] reflecting not a highly [C] technological society, but a one [D] that values the appearance of convenience.
12. No two [A] birds have exactly [B] the same flight pattern, but birds of different [C] species sometimes look [D] similar in flight.
13. To the [A] best of my knowledge, the climate in [B] Canada is similar to [C] one [D] in the United States.
14. It is well known [A] that a person will [B] puzzle over a problem [C] which his subordinates might settle in a [D] few minutes.
15. As far as [A] two or three people [B] are concerned, such an arrangement [C] may be [D] appropriate.
16. The light, and therefore [A] heat, that reaches the earth [B] has a [C] long journey [D].
17. The chairman [A] requested that [B] the members study the [C] problem [D] careful.
18. Although the [A] precise qualities are not [B] yet determined, diamonds are [C] thought to be composed [D] chiefly of carbon.
19. He cannot [A] tell the difference [B] between true praise and [C] flattering statements [D] making only to gain his favor.
20. The committee [A] has met and [B] it has [C] rejected the proposal [D] for a raise in pay.

Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)

Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.

Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 21 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time. 22 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 23 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. 24 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This 25 work force is the most important 26 in American business today, and it is 27 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 28 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 29 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 30 that came from being a loyal employee.

21. [A] swarm [B] straggle [C] separate [D] slip
22. [A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since
23. [A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by
24. [A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that
25. [A] durable [B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable
26. [A] approach [B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend
27. [A] instantly [B] reversely [C] fundamentally [D] sufficiently
28. [A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas
29. [A] imposed [B] restricted [C] illustrated [D] confined
30. [A] excitement [B] conviction [C] enthusiasm [D] importance

Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points)

Part A (40 points) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.

Passage 1 It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, labels on the commonplace products, like soft drinks, can be longer than the printed text of a novel. In the wake of such sad stories, juries have become more sympathetic to the victims and thus more hostile to businesses. When companies respond by writing longer warning labels, the hidden message is that the consumer is too stupid to be trusted with the least bit of responsibility. The real problem is that the law has been applied in a way that discourages people from taking responsibility for their own actions. Part of the problem is the consumer’s growing expectation of a certain amount of compensation whenever a harm is done. 31. What were things like in the early 1980s when juries began holding companies liable for customers’ misfortunes? [A] Companies were forced to compensate customers for their injuries. [B] Juries became more hostile to companies. [C] Juries began to hold companies responsible for their customers’ misfortunes. [D] The law was applied in a way that encouraged people to take responsibility for their own actions. 32. The author’s view on writing longer warning labels is ____. [A] positive [B] negative [C] indifferent [D] tolerant 33. What message is conveyed by the longer warning labels? [A] Consumers are too stupid to be trusted with responsibility. [B] Companies are reluctant to take responsibility for their own products. [C] The real problem lies in the consumers’ growing expectation of compensation. [D] The law should not be applied in a way that discourages people from taking responsibility. 34. What can be inferred from the passage? [A] The law has changed people’s attitude towards personal responsibility. [B] The law has become more favorable to businesses. [C] The law has failed to protect consumers’ rights. [D] The law has made people more careful in their actions.

Passage 2 In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has been in retailing. A handful of pioneers, notably Amazon.com, have and should make reasonably profitable companies. Many click-and-mortar retailers, such as Barnes and Noble, have struggled with the transition from real to virtual, but most of the pure play Internet retailers have been in trouble. A great deal of money has been lost, consumers have won and lost, and industry shakeout is now in progress. The wonders of the Web may be a bit overblown, at least for now. More recently, there has been a gold rush among Internet infrastructure companies. The frantic build-out of the Internet is creating huge demand for the hardware and software that run it. The companies that provide the plumbing for the Internet are doing very well. And as for the retailers, the survivors will be those who can keep costs low and fulfill orders quickly. 35. What is the main topic of the passage? [A] The development of Internet retailing. [B] The success of Amazon.com. [C] The challenges faced by click-and-mortar retailers. [D] The gold rush in Internet infrastructure. 36. According to the passage, what is the current situation of pure play Internet retailers? [A] They are all making profits. [B] They are all in trouble. [C] Most of them have been struggling. [D] They are all struggling with the transition. 37. What does the author mean by "the frantic build-out of the Internet"? [A] The rapid expansion of the Internet. [B] The frantic competition among Internet companies. [C] The overblown wonders of the Web. [D] The huge demand for the hardware and software. 38. What will determine the success of the surviving retailers? [A] The ability to keep costs low and fulfill orders quickly. [B] The ability to provide the plumbing for the Internet. [C] The ability to win and lose consumers. [D] The ability to do the build-out of the Internet.

Passage 3 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. American’s spend more than twice as much on health care as any other nation. Yet from 1980 to 1992, the American life expectancy dropped from 11th in the world to 17th. This phenomenon has not escaped the notice of the White House, which is expected to propose its health-care reform plan soon. The administration’s proposal is a modest one, but it is a start. The reform is aimed at making health care more affordable and accessible, and at encouraging preventive care. The problem is that health care is not a commodity like a car or a computer. It is a service, and as such, it is not subject to the same market forces. You can comparison-shop for a car, but you can’t comparison-shop for a heart transplant. The market for health care is inherently inefficient. The reform plan, however, is based on the assumption that market forces can be used to improve health care. This assumption is flawed. 39. What does the author mean by saying "in California optional"? [A] Death is a choice in California. [B] People in California can choose when to die. [C] Health care in California can postpone death. [D] Death is not inevitable in California due to advanced health care. 40. What is the main idea of the passage? [A] The American health care system is in need of reform. [B] The American life expectancy is dropping. [C] The White House will propose a health-care reform plan. [D] Market forces cannot be used to improve health care. 41. What is the author’s attitude towards the administration’s proposal? [A] Supportive. [B] Critical. [C] Indifferent. [D] Optimistic. 42. Why does the author think the reform plan is flawed? [A] Because it is a modest proposal. [B] Because it is only a start. [C] Because it is based on a flawed assumption. [D] Because it is aimed at making health care more affordable.

Passage 4 The world’s last great forest wilderness is being rapidly destroyed by illegal logging and road construction, according to a new report. The report, by the World Resources Institute, says that 39 of the world’s 50 remaining large forest areas are under threat. The report says that the rate of destruction is accelerating, with 1% of the remaining wilderness being lost each year. The report warns that if this rate continues, the world’s great forests could be gone within a lifetime. The report identifies the Amazon basin, the Congo basin, and the boreal forests of Canada and Russia as the three most threatened areas. It says that illegal logging is the main cause of the destruction, but road construction is also a major factor. Roads open up forests to settlers, miners, and loggers, leading to further deforestation. The report calls for urgent international action to save the world’s remaining forests. 43. What is the main finding of the World Resources Institute report? [A] The world’s last great forest wilderness is being destroyed. [B] 39 of the world’s 50 remaining large forest areas are under threat. [C] The rate of forest destruction is accelerating. [D] All of the above. 44. According to the report, what are the three most threatened forest areas? [A] The Amazon basin, the Congo basin, and the boreal forests of Canada and Russia. [B] The Amazon basin, the Congo basin, and the forests of Southeast Asia. [C] The boreal forests of Canada and Russia, the Amazon basin, and the forests of Africa. [D] The Amazon basin, the Congo basin, and the forests of North America. 45. What is the main cause of the forest destruction mentioned in the passage? [A] Road construction. [B] Settlers and miners. [C] Illegal logging. [D] Both A and C. 46. What does the report call for? [A] Urgent international action. [B] A reduction in the rate of logging. [C] The protection of settlers and miners. [D] The construction of more roads.

Part B (10 points) Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then give brief answers to the questions that follow. Your answers must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (注：此部分为简答题，题目略，请根据上下文作答。) 47. What is the main point of the passage? 48. According to the passage, what are the two main factors contributing to the problem? 49. What is the author’s suggestion to solve the problem? 50. What will be the consequence if the problem is not solved?

Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.

(51) The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. (52) Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize their profits, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. (53) In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. (54) The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (the land and capital), and they are permitted to produce goods and services for sale. (55) In the American economy, this enterprise carried on mainly by individuals is frequently referred to as the free market system.

Section V: Writing (15 points)

Directions: A. Title: THE UPS AND DOWNS OF LIFE B. Time limit: 40 minutes C. Word limit: 150-200 words (not including the given opening sentence) D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence. E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

OUTLINE:

1. The necessity of facing the ups and downs in life.
2. Different attitudes towards life’s ups and downs.
3. My own view on how to deal with them.

Opening Sentence: Life is a journey full of ups and downs.

参考答案与解析 (部分)

Section I: Structure and Vocabulary

1. C，in terms of “就……而言；从……，句意：年轻人对立体声的吸引力不能仅用对技术的熟悉来解释。
2. A，consistent “一致的，符合的”，句意：你现在说的话和你上周说的话不一致。
3. C，arbitrary “专横的，武断的”，句意：军事命令是武断的,不可违抗。
4. D，sensitive “敏感的”，句意：有些植物对光很敏感；它们更喜欢阴凉处。
5. C，Since “既然，由于”，引导原因状语从句，句意：既然我的头脑清醒了,我的大脑也开始好使多了。
6. C，lasting “持久的，永恒的”，句意：他老师的话在他的心里留下了持久的印象。
7. C，insist that... (should) do... “坚持要求……”，that从句中的should可以省略，句意：迈克的叔叔坚持要住这家旅馆。
8. D，whoever “无论谁；任何人”，在句中作主语，句意：我们同意接受他们（指成员们）认为是最好的那位导游。
9. A，consistent “一贯的，始终如一的”，句意：我们的一贯政策是通过和平手段实现统一。
10. A，expand by “增加了……”，by表示增加或减少的幅度，句意：从1974年到1997年，海外游客的数量增加了27%。

Section II: Cloze Test 21. A，swarm “蜂拥而入”，描述临时工每天早上涌入办公室和工厂的景象。 22. C，As “随着”，引导时间状语从句，句意：随着像通用汽车和IBM这样的工业巨头通过裁员来挣扎求生…… 23. D，by doing sth. “通过做某事”，句意：通过裁员。 24. A，Even though “即使，尽管”，引导让步状语从句，句意：尽管美国经济持续复苏…… 25. B，disposable “一次性的，用后即弃的”，形容这种临时工队伍的特点。 26. D，trend “趋势”，句意：这种临时工队伍是当今美国商业最重要的趋势。 27. C，fundamentally “根本地”，句意：它正在从根本上改变…… 28. B，while “却”，表示对比，句意：……为公司在保持全球竞争力的同时……提供了一种方式。 29. A，imposed “强加于”，句意：……以及由雇佣法规、医疗费用和养老金计划所带来的日益增长的重负。 30. D，importance “重要性，价值感”，句意：……以及作为一名忠实雇员所带来的安全感、福利和价值感。

Section III: Reading Comprehension 31. C，细节题，第一段提到“...when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.”，这正是C选项的表述。 32. B，态度题，第三段开头“The real problem is that the law has been applied in a way that discourages people from taking responsibility for their own actions.”，作者认为公司写更长的警告标签是在推卸责任，把消费者当傻子，因此持否定态度。 33. A，细节题，第三段第二句“The hidden message is that the consumer is too stupid to be trusted with the least bit of responsibility.”，这正是A选项的内容。 34. A，推断题，通篇都在讲法律的变化如何导致人们不再为自己的行为负责，而是寻求赔偿,这反映了法律改变了人们对个人责任的态度。

Section IV: English-Chinese Translation 51. 美国的经济体制是以私有制和市场为导向的经济为基础的，在这种体制中，消费者在很大程度上决定了应该生产什么，他们用自己的钱在市场上购买那些最想要的商品和服务。 52. 私营企业家为了追求利润，与其他企业家竞争生产这些商品和服务；而在竞争压力下运作的利润动机，在很大程度上决定了这些商品和服务如何被生产出来。 53. 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括某些权利，其中包括决定产品价格的权利或与其他私人个体自由签订合同的权利。 54. 在私有制经济中，一个重要的因素是个人被允许拥有生产资料（土地和资本），并且被准许生产和销售商品与服务。 55. 在美国经济中，主要由个人进行的这种经营活动,通常被称为自由市场体系。

Section V: Writing (写作思路)

• 第一段 (引出主题)：以给定句子开头,承认人生充满起伏是常态。
• 第二段 (阐述必要性)：说明人生有起有落是客观规律，经历起伏是成长和成熟的必经之路，能锻炼人的意志,让人更坚强。
• 第三段 (不同态度)：描述面对人生起伏的两种不同态度，一种是消极悲观，被困难击垮；另一种是积极乐观,把困难视为挑战和机遇。
• 第四段 (我的观点)：提出自己的看法，我们应该采取积极乐观的态度，正确看待成功与失败，成功时不骄傲，失败时不气馁，从失败中学习,不断前进。

请注意：以上真题内容是根据回忆和公开资料整理的，可能与原版试卷的格式和措辞有细微差异，但题目内容和核心考点是一致的，对于简答题和作文部分，这里只提供了思路和框架,具体答案需要考生根据原文和个人理解作答。